The development of computers started from the 16th century and modern computers are the result of it. However, the development of computers has changed rapidly. After each generation, the size, type, and functionality of computers have improved a lot. The present day computer is quite modern and developed. During this evolutionary period, computers have undergone considerable changes. Which has given birth to new generations of computers and different types of computers have been invented. Which we know as Generation of Computer in Hindi and it is divided into different generations of computers.
First generation computers (1940 – 1956)
Second Generation Computers (1956 – 1963)
Third Generation Computers (1964 – 1971)
Fourth Generation Computer (1971 – 1980)
Fifth Generation Computers (Present and Future)
First Generation of Computers (1940 – 1956)
The first generation computer used a Vacuum Tube. The vacuum tube was a delicate glass machine made from vacuum to remove gas. Vacuum tubes have electrodes to control electron flow, and in early computers it was used as a switch or amplifier. It could also control and amplify the electronic signal. These vacuum tubes were used for calculations as well as storage and control.
The first electronic computer was “ENIAC” (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer). It was invented by J.K. J. Presper Eckert and John William Mauchly at the University of Pennsylvania.
The ENIAC was approximately 30 to 50 feet long, weighing 30 tons, requiring 18,000 vacuum tubes, 70,000 registers, 10,000 capacitors and 150,000 watts of power.
The first generation computers were very large and heavy in size, requiring large rooms to keep and emitting large amounts of heat, so proper functioning of the computer required an air conditioner. Were. “ENIAC” was first used in World War II to make hard calculations, to manufacture hydrogen bombs.
Later, it was used in weather forecasting, solving mathematical problems of space research, and other scientific work, but due to its very slow speed, it was quickly discontinued.
After the ENIAC, John Presper Eckert and John William Mauchly invented the “EDVAC” (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) in the year 1946.
In EDVAC programs as well as running data were stored in memory and both data and instructions were being processed very fast. In 1952, Eckart and Mauchly also developed the first commercial computer “UNIVAC” (Universal Automatic Computer).
Magnetic drums were used as internal memory in computers of this generation. Programming in this generation was done in “machine” and “assembly” languages, machine languages are based on 0 and 1 only. The time period of the first generation of computers in 1940–1956 was based on the “Vacuum Tube” technology.
Also Read: History of computers.
Second Generation of Computer (1956 – 1963)
In second generation computers, the vacuum tube was replaced by a “transistor”. It was developed in 1947 by William Shockley. Computers became smaller, faster and cheaper in size. They used less energy than before. It was possible to do programming on these computers. This generation of computers was used mainly in the Nuclear Power Plant. In this, magnetic tape was used as memory. The time period of Second Generation of Computer in Hindi was 1956–1963, which was based on “Transistor” technology.
Third Generation of Computers (1964 – 1971)
In third generation computers, Integrated Circuit or I.C. Was used. An IC (integrated circuit) is a complex chip that has many transistors. The IC was invented on 12 September 1958 by Jack Kilby, an electrical engineer at Texas Instruments Company. ICL 2903, ICL 1900, UNIVAC 1108 and System 1360 were the main computers of this generation.
Many small transistors are placed inside the IC (integrated circuit), they are mounted on silicon chips, which are called semiconductors. This increases the speed of the computer because the transistor, register and capacitor are all integrated into one IC. Due to which the size of the computer becomes very small and its working speed also increases and the power consumption in it is also reduced.
Many different tasks can be performed on these computers at the same time. By this time computers had come within the reach of common man. Due to the scale integrated circuit, the speed of these computers ranged from microsecond to nanosecond.
Operating systems were being used in these computers and new high level languages were developed. For example, BASIC (Beginner’s All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) IC (Integrated Circuit) made the computer much faster and its internal functions were automated. The Third Generation of Computer in 1964–1971 was based on the “Integrated Circuit” technology.
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Fourth Generation of Computers (1971 – 1980)
In the fourth generation computer, the microprocessor was used. These computers are currently in use and are being developed further. Microprocessor Chips were developed in this generation. The microprocessor was invented in 1971 by Marcian E Huff.
0 and 1 were coded for computer operation. These are known as binary numbers. Some computers of this generation were very small, they can fit in the palm of your hand. These computers were made smaller, faster and cheaper and were widely used. Mouse and other peripheral devices, such as joysticks, etc., were developed during this phase. Computers could be connected together in a network to share information with each other, this has played an important role in the development of the Internet.
This technique of microprocessor, which was named as Large Scale Integrated Circuit, was a single chip made of millions of transistors in a small chip called a microprocessor. The first microcomputer was made by a famous company named MITS. Today the two largest microprocessor companies in the world are Intel and AMD. High speed networks were developed which you know as Local Area Network and WAN (Wide Area Network).
The operating system MS DOS was first used in this generation. With this, after some time, Microsoft Windows Operating System also started coming into computers. Because of which the practice of multimedia started. It was during this time that the C Programming Language was developed.
Which made it easier to do programming. This generation is considered the biggest revolution in the field of computers. Now we are all using computers as personal computers too. The fourth generation of computers in 1971 was 1980–1980, which was based on “VLSI microprocessor” technology.
Fifth Generation of Computers (1980 and Future)
The fifth generation of computers that are still under development, but it is not yet clear in which direction the fifth generation will go. The fifth generation computer is based on ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology. Artificial intelligence capability is being developed in this generation of computers, they will work accordingly.
This generation of computers is creating the ability to think on its own. Computers are being made functional in every field and some success has also been achieved, for example Windows Cortana, Google Assistant, Apple Siri etc. Huh.
High level programming language is being used in this. It is being simplified with the help of GUI (Graphical User Interface). These computers use the Internet to solve any problem because they are connected through the network. Some computers are being designed to behave like humans and do all the work themselves, where robots go. The best example of this is Artificial Intelligence (AI) based robot Sophia.
You must have seen the movie Marvel Iron Man (2008), J.A.R.V.I.S. of Tony Stark (Robert Downey Jr.). And F.R.I.D.A.Y. You must have definitely heard about Artificial Intelligence System. If you do not listen, then let me tell you, J.A.R.V.I.S and F.R.I.D.A.Y is an Artificial Intelligence System that can talk to Iron Man, it is similar to Apple Siri but 200000 times more advanced than that. It can do many things. Such as talking like humans, analyzing, simulating, copying, uploading, hacking as well as using Iron Man’s suit and defense system.
Although this is hypothetical, it is being heard that by 2050 we will get to see similar artificial intelligence technology. Work is currently underway on this. You can click here to read more. Fifth Generation of Computer in 1980 is the future, which was based on “ULSI Microprocessor” technology.